نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1401)

The military invasion of Afghanistan exposed the aggressive approach of realism in US foreign policy aimed at achieving a balance of power and hegemony over enemies in Central Asia. The strategy was aimed at maintaining hegemony and ensuring maximum security by besieging regional powers through the deployment of strategic weapons and equipment, the extensive deployment of NATO troops, and interventionist policies to undermine the national security of Afghanistan's neighbors. Given these statements, the main question is what leverage did the United States use to undermine Iran's national security during its two decades in Afghanistan?

This article seeks to present the research hypothesis within the military, social and economic dimensions of the Copenhagen School through a descriptive-analytical method based on the collection of documentary-library and Internet sources.

strategies of military siege by military bases and the promotion of espionage plans from western Afghanistan, the expansion of ethnic and religious divisions aimed at promoting violence and tension in southeastern Iran to counter economic plans and the quantitative and qualitative development of drugs production were pursued near Iran's borders with the aim of undermining Iran's national security.

The large presence of US troops in Afghanistan and the deployment of fighter jets and strategic-espionage weapons at bases near Iran's northeastern border was the greatest threat to Iran's military security. On the other hand, direct financial and political support for ethnic separatists only intensified social violence, ethnic tensions and armed movements, and ultimately increased drug production in western Afghanistan, leading to border crossings and the spread of addiction in society. Weakened social and economic.

The purpose of this article is to make a comparative study of the determinability of the human rights component in the practical orientations of the European Union's foreign policy towards Iran and Israel.

This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and relies on the documents of institutions accepted by the European Union to achieve the objectives of the research.

Research findings show that the European Union defends human rights in spite of its claim, the declared policies and the actions they have are conflicting And the European Union uses the category of human rights as a tool to achieve political goals in relation to Iran And in connection with Israel, despite the multitude of human rights resolutions issued by international institutions against Israel, economic interests, security, development and technology have always been important, and human rights have been destroyed in practice.

One of the determining components in the external relations of the European Union, according to its declared policies, is the protection of human rights. Following the establishment of the Commission and then the United Nations Human Rights Council, the European Union declared its support for these international human rights bodies and considered the decisions of these bodies as a criterion for the direction of its foreign policy.However, the union's material, ideological, and strategic interests in preventing it from taking tough practical positions toward Israel, despite numerous human rights resolutions, and putting pressure on Iran in return.

Border disputes are one of the important issues that have had a high status and importance in political geography and, as the case may be, in border studies and how to control and manage borders. Recognizing these factors and their impact on the foreign policy of countries can reduce differences and achieve security and convergence in the world. Therefore, in this article, considering the water borders between Lebanon and the Zionist regime, we will explain the importance of this border region in terms of geopolitics, security and military, and the security and economic view of Lebanon and Israel to the region.

The present article examines the factors influencing the foreign policy of Lebanon and the Zionist regime in resolving water border disputes using a descriptive-analytical method and using the principles of aggressive realism.

The impact of various factors on the foreign policy strategies of Lebanon and the Zionist regime in relation to maritime conflicts was examined.

The study shows that despite the importance of maritime borders in Lebanese political stability and competition, these borders have not yet found their place due to reliance on shaky mechanisms such as smuggling in the Lebanese economy. That is why Lebanon is trying to create productive economic activities in the region by relying on international support. On the other hand, the multi-year need of the Zionist regime for energy supply and the policies adopted by the Arab oil and gas producing countries have caused the country to look beyond the economic point of view to resolve these disputes and try to resolve this conflict from a security point of view.

The specific purpose of this article is to understand the nature of China's soft power in terms of the subject matter that has been studied in the spatial context of the Arabic Middle East and the time span of the activities of Confucian institutions in this region. To address the purpose of the article, we begin with a broad theoretical and conceptual context that examines the concept of soft power, especially its educational aspect, and then evaluates the specific characteristics of China based on Confucius institutions.

Depending on the purpose and subject of the article, explanatory research method is used to understand the problem. Therefore, it is desirable to examine the status of variables and the relationships between them in a particular environment; In this regard, each of the independent and dependent variables are described first and then the relationship between these two variables is analyzed and explained.

The findings of the study rely on the type of responses to the performance of institutions and have led to the perception that Confucius institutions, as a tool of Chinese soft power and part of the network of influence, have effectively penetrated the Arabic Middle East and without the negative consequences and significant criticism at the supply and demand levels, the participation and support of the governments of the region have been welcomed.

This analysis of the data concludes that the Confucius Institutions, as a tool of China's soft power, have effectively penetrated the Arabic Middle East, and that policymakers, faculty members, and students have welcomed these institutions almost without much criticism.

Since the election campaign, Donald Trump has introduced the JCPOA as a disastrous agreement for the United States, and after winning the 2016 presidential election and entering the White House, he accused the country of violating the JCPOA despite extending the suspension of sanctions on Iran. For Trump and his national security team, the JCPOA was an incomplete agreement that did not include Iran's missile program and regional policy. Therefore, the United States, after withdrawing from the JCPOA, tried to exert maximum pressure on Iran by restoring the sanctions related to the nuclear program and imposing additional sanctions. With this description, the aim of the leading research is to examine and explain the functioning, mechanism and goals of the maximum pressure policy of the United States during the Trump era, towards the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The research method is a qualitative type of causal explanation and the method of collecting the required data is library as well as written sources and virtual space.

Based on the findings of the research, the United States during Trump's presidency, through maximum "security" aimed at re-representing Iran as a major source of "threat", which this time included all of Iran's actions and introducing these actions as a threat to international peace and security, to apply maximum pressure against Iran. In other words, to legitimize the policy of maximum pressure against Iran, Iran's actions should be presented as an international threat. Based on this, the maximum security of the United States had three fundamental axes, which were: Iran's nuclear program, missile program, and regional policy.

Considering the different and heterogeneous positions of the audience of this policy, it can be said that this fact has been noticed and acknowledged by the West itself that the maximum pressure policy of the Trump administration has failed in practice and that diplomacy and agreement are the best way to deal with Iran.

The Kingdom of Qatar is one of the leading Islamic countries in the field of development, which has so far drafted two national development strategy documents for the period 2011-2016 and 2018-2022. On the other hand, given the growing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood on the structure of politics and power in this country, the purpose of this article is to provide an analytical answer to the question of how the Brotherhood's Islamist model played a role in shaping Qatar's national development model.

Given that the Muslim Brotherhood in Qatar has refused to publish many of its strategic documents and the Brotherhood in Qatar is in a position like a black box, therefore, the exploratory aspect of the article will be prominent. The article uses an analytical-descriptive method to provide a detailed description of how the Brotherhood's Islamist reading influences the construction of a local model of development in Qatar.

The findings of the study indicate that the Brotherhood thought in five areas: "approach to religion", "approach to progress", "religious foundations of progress", "examples of religion in the pattern of progress", and "the role of ecology on the pattern of development" is influential in building a model of development in this country and is trying to provide a model of bio-faith compatible with bio-modern requirements to other Islamic societies.

It seems that the Brotherhood leaders in Qatar are trying to introduce Qatar as a model in the field of Islamist reading and thus help it to spread to other parts of the Islamic world.